The Leadership

Beberapa cara yang bisa membantu dan menginspirasi Anda untuk membangun tim yang kokoh, produktif dan terus berkembang.

1. Samakan persepsi, tujuan, target dan etos kerja, lalu sosialisasikan kepada setiap anggota tim. Di awal pembentukan tim atau saat Anda masuk sebagai pemimpin ke dalam sebuah tim , sampaikan kepada semua anggota tentang target, tujuan dan etos kerja yang ingin Anda aplikasikan dalam tim. Kemudian berilah kesempatan pada anggota tim Anda untuk memberikan pendapat mereka mengenai hal-hal yang sudah Anda sampaikan. Bebaskan mereka untuk berdiskusi dan mengutarakan keberatan, persetujuan atau bahkan ide mereka. Pada akhirnya setiap karyawan akan merasa bahwa mereka punya andil dalam setiap pengambilan keputusan . Dengan demikian akan timbul perasaan untuk wajib mempertanggungjawabkan setiap keputusan yang diambil sendiri.

2. Pastikan setiap anggota tim tahu tanggung jawab dan job.desc mereka. Tentu saja Anda sebagai pemimpin tidak hanya bertugas mengelola tugas anggota Anda, juga harus memahami setiap aktifitas dan kesulitan yang mereka hadapi. Karena setiap jenis pekerjaan dalam tim terkait antara satu dengan lainnya, maka prosedur yang Anda tetapkan juga harus membuat pekerjaan mereka jadi lebih efisien.

3. Apakah setiap anggota tim Anda paham apa dampak setiap hasil pekerjaan mereka bagi produktifitas tim? Setiap anggota Anda seharusnya tahu bahwa apapun bentuk kontribusi mereka akan memberikan hasil bagi perusahaan jika dijalankan sesuai dengan misi, goal, prinsip dan visi perusahaan. Bahwa setiap dari mereka adalah bagian penting yang harus ada untuk mendukung kelangsungan dan berkembangnya perusahaan. Perasaan being important adalah salah satu cara efektif untuk membangun semangat kerja.

4. Ingatkan tentang komitmen awal. Saat semangat dan kinerja kerja tim mulai berkurang, Anda wajib boost semangat mereka kembali dengan mengingatkan bahwa mereka memiliki bagian dalam pengambilan keputusan tentang target, goal dan etos budaya kerja kelompok, sehingga setiap anggota tim memiliki komitmen untuk melanjutkan hal yang sudah mereka putuskan sendiri.

5. Apakah anggota tim Anda sudah merasa dihargai? Apakah Anda tahu bahwa dengan meng-update keterampilan mereka melalui training atau seminar yang dibiayai kantor, adalah satu cara efektif yang menunjukkan bahwa Anda menghargai karyawan tersebut? Keuntungan akan diperoleh baik oleh perusahaan maupun si karyawan sendiri; keterampilan mereka adalah untuk meningkatkan produktifitas kantor, dan mereka memiliki semangat karena diberikan kesempatan untuk berkembang.

6. Tantangan, excitement dan kesempatan. Rutinitas terkadang bisa monoton. Pekerjaan yang dulu menantang keterampilan dan kreatifitas bisa saja lama-lama jadi membosankan sehingga bisa melemahkan semangat kerja. Pastikan Anda memberi kesempatan bagi anggota tim Anda untuk kembali merasakan tantangan, spark dalam bekerja. Banyak cara yang bisa Anda lakukan; rotasi kerja, membebaskan mereka untuk menggunakan sistem kerja baru yang dirasa lebih efektif, atau memberikan tanggung jawab baru.

DOA BAPA KAMI

Bapa kami yang di sorga,

dikuduskanlah nama-Mu.

Datanglah kerajaan-Mu, jadilah kehendak-Mu,

di bumi seperti di sorga.

Berikanlah kami pada hari ini makanan kami yang secukupnya,

dan ampunilah kami akan kesalahan kami seperti kami juga telah mengampuni

orang yang bersalah kepada kami.

Dan janganlah membawa kami ke dalam pencobaan,

tetapi lepaskanlah kami dari pada yang jahat.

[Karena Engkaulah yang empunya Kerajaan dan kuasa dan kemuliaan sampai selama-lamanya.

Amin.]

Bahasa Batak

Ale Amanami nadi banua ginjang.

Sai pinarbadia ma goarMu.

Sai ro ma harajaonMu.

Sai saut ma lomo ni rohaM

Di banua tonga on songon nadi banua ginjang.

Lehon ma tu hami sadari on hangoluan siapari.

Sesa ma dosanami, songon panesanami di dosa ni dongan namardosa tu hami.

Unang hami togihon tu pangunjunan.

Palua ma hami sian pangago.

[Ai Ho do nampuna harajaon dohot hagogoon rodi hasangapon saleleng ni lelengna.

Amen.]

Bahasa Jawa

Kanjeng Rama ing swargi
mugi asma Dalem kaluhurna
kraton Dalem kawiyarna
ing donya inggih kalampahana
karsa Dalem kados ing swargi
abdi dalem sami nyadhong paring Dalem rejeki ing sapunika
sakathahing lepat nyuwun pangapunten Dalem
déné kawula inggih ngapunten dhateng sesami
abdi dalem nyuwun lepat saking panggodha
saha tinebihna saking piawon
Amin.

Bahasa Sunda

Nun Ama di sawarga.
Mugi jenengan Ama nu suci dimulyakeun.
Karajaan Ama mugi rawuh.
Pangersa Ama mugi
laksana di dunya, sapertos di sawarga.
Mugi abdi dinten ieu dipaparin tedaeun nu picekapeun.
Sareng hapunten kalelepatan abdi, sakumaha abdi oge parantos ngahapunten ka nu gaduh kalelepatan ka abdi.
Mugi abdi ulah diterapan cocoba anu abot,
sawangsulna mugi di salametkeun ti panggoda Iblis.
[Wirehi nya Ama nu jumeneng Raja, kawasa sareng mulya, salalanggengna.
Amin.]

Christie Gallery – update

A week of Old Master and historic British paintings sales begins tonight at Christie’s, and it could be the first time for many years that such a series makes as much as the more fashion-led contemporary art sales. Estimates suggest that the auctions at Sotheby’s, Christie’s and Bonhams could fetch up to £88 million. Highlights include paintings by Goya, Fragonard, Pieter Brueghel the Younger and Fra Bartolommeo, all estimated to fetch up to £3 million each; some rediscovered watercolours by Turner and Constable; and a selection of Renaissance paintings and sculptures from the extensive collection of Barbara Piasecka Johnson, the Johnson & Johnson heiress, which are being sold to free up space in her home in Italy. Previous sales from the Johnson collection have included the Badminton Cabinet sold to the Prince of Liechtenstein in 2004 for £19 million, the most expensive piece of furniture ever sold, and Mantegna’s Descent into Limbo, which fetched a record £17.6 million in 2003. Among the works to be offered this week is Johnson’s first ever purchase, made in 1972 shortly after her marriage to the late John Seward Johnson – a painting of the Madonna and Child (pictured), thought at one stage to be by Bronzino, but since disputed by some scholars, which is estimated at £100,000 to £150,000.

* * *

Sir Ian Botham is not widely known to be an art lover, apart that is, from the art of in-swing and lofted drives. But, to coincide with the Ashes cricket series against Australia, he will be opening Ashes to Zooter, an exhibition of cricket paintings and cartoons at the Chris Beetles Gallery in St James’s in London on July 15. Prices for the 200 works, one of which was made on the occasion of Botham’s knighthood, range from £200 to £10,000, with 10 per cent of sales at the opening going to his nominated charity, Leukaemia Research.

* * *

Some frustration with reluctant bidders was evident at last week’s contemporary art sale at Sotheby’s when auctioneer Harry Dalmeny found no one prepared to bid for a magazine-and-newspaper collage by Albert Oehlen, whose large paintings can fetch six-figure sums. The collage, perhaps no more than a piece of ephemera, but signed and dated nonetheless, was estimated at £3,000 to £5,000, but Dalmeny could not solicit bids at £1,000, or, then, at £500. Finally he asked for just £100. “Our catalogue cost more than that you rude bunch,” he exploded, finally triggering a bid to a round of applause. “That’s how Saatchi started,” he offered bluffly to the bargain-buyer in the front row.

* * *

Sad news that the Grosvenor House Art and Antiques Fair is to close after 75 years during which it has become a society fixture along with Ascot and Wimbledon on the calendar. The closure is nothing to do with sales levels which were good this year, I am informed, but because the JW Marriott Group’s Grosvenor House Hotel in Park Lane thinks the fair takes too long to put up and take down and that the grand ballroom space could be used more profitably.

WORLD Military History

Military history is a humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity, and its impact on the societies, their cultures, economies and changing intra and international relationships.

A conflict may range from a melee between two tribal groups to conflicts between national militaries, and a world war of coalitions affecting the majority of the global human population. Military historians record and analyse the events of military history, the product of which forms an important part of how societies and their leaders formulate future plans and policies for societal development.^[1]

While human conflict has been a constant factor in the process of human social evolution over thousands of years, its historical recording only spans six millennia. There is much disagreement about when it began.^[2]

Some believe it has always been with us, derived from conflicts with other species; others stress the lack of clear evidence for it in our prehistoric past, and the fact that many peaceful, non-aggressive societies have, and still do exist (See Otterbein, Fry and Kelly in bibliography below). In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley,^[3] says that approximately 90-95% of known societies engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many fought constantly.^[4]

The essential subjects of military history study are the decision making processes of the belligerents, the society’s willingness and ability to economically support war, the methods, strategic, operational and tactical used by the armed forces to achieve goals, and how these changed through the past 5,000 years of recorded history.

Through the study of history, the military command seeks to not repeat past mistakes, and improve upon its current performance by instilling an ability in commanders to perceive historical parallels during a battle, so as to capitalize on the lessons learned from the past. The main areas military history includes past conflicts, their sustainment, military command, application of doctrine known as military art and science, and the application of technology in specific military services.

The discipline of military history is dynamic, changing with development as much of the subject area as the societies and organisations that make use of it.^[5] The dynamic nature of the discipline of military history is largely related to the rapidity of change the military forces, and the art and science of managing them, as well as the frenetic pace of technological development that had taken place during the period known as the Industrial Revolution, and more recently in the nuclear and information ages.

How the change is studied, has as much to do with methods used by military historians, as the influence on these methods which are often biased towards being primarily European and technological,^[6] revolutionising how warfare is understood when compared to the previous history. This process has necessitated a periodisation of history to highlight the short spans of dramatic change between increasingly shorter periods of relative stability in development of military forces.

Historiography of military history

Historiography is the study of the record of military conflict to gain an accurate assessment of past conflicts that may prove difficult because of bias, even in ancient times, and systematic propaganda in more modern times. For this reason military history is periodised, creating overlaying boundaries of study and analysis in which descriptions of battles by leaders may be unreliable due to the inclination to minimize mention of failures, and exaggerate when boasting of successes when viewed at a later time. This is the reason for historiographical analysis, to allow an unbiased, contemporary view of records as the participants would have perceived the events.^[7]

One military historian, Jeremy Black in a recent work raised a number of issues 21st century military historians face as an inheritance of their predecessors: Eurocentricity, a technological bias, and fascination with technology, a focus on leading military powers and dominant military systems, the separation of land from sea, and more recently air conflicts, the focus on state-to-state conflict, a lack of focus on political “tasking” in how forces are used.^[6]

If the above challenges were not sufficient for the military historians, the limitations of current methodological approaches are further complicated by the lacking of record either destroyed, or never recorded for its value as a military secret that may prevent some salient facts from being reported at all; scholars still do not know the nature of Greek fire for instance. Despite these limitations, wars are some of the most studied and detailed periods of human history.

The documentation of military history begins with the confrontation between Sumer (current Iraq) and Elam (current Iran) c.2700 BCE near the modern Basra, and includes such enduring records as the Hebrew Bible. Other prominent records in military history are the Trojan War in Homer‘s Iliad (though its historicity has been challenged), The Histories by Herodotus (484 BC – 425 BC) who, along with Thucydides (460 BC – 395 BC), is often called “father of history”,^[8] the latter being regarded as the first scientific historian due to his dismissing the notions of deities taking active part in history.

His impartiality, despite being an Athenian, allowed him to take advantage of his exile to research the war from different perspectives by carefully examining documents, and interviewing eyewitnesses.^[9] The approach centered around the analysis of a leader was taken by Xenophon (430 BC – 355 BC) in Anabasis, recording the expedition of Cyrus the Younger into Anatolia.

A comparative approach is made possible by the records of Julius Caesar (100 BC – 44 BC), for campaigns such as Commentarii de Bello Gallico and Commentarii de Bello Civili.

Some other more recent prominent military historians include Hans Delbrück (1848-1929), Charles Oman (1860-1946), Basil Liddell Hart (1895-1970), Martin van Creveld, John Keegan, William Ledyard Rodgers, Lynn Montross, Cornelius Ryan, R. Ernest & Trevor N. Dupuy (1916-1995), George F.G. Stanley (1907-2002), John Terraine (1921-2003), Victor Davis Hanson and Jeremy Black

For settled agrarian civilizations, the infantry would become the core of military action. The infantry started as opposing armed groups of soldiers underneath commanders. The Greeks used rigid, heavily-armed phalanxes, but the Romans used mobile legions that were easily maneuverable.

Cavalry would become an important tool. In the Sicilian Expedition, led by Athens in an attempt to subdue Syracuse, the well-trained Syracusan cavalry became crucial to the success of the Syracusans. Macedonian Alexander the Great effectively deployed his cavalry forces to secure victories. In later battles, like the Battle of Cannae of the Second Punic War, the importance of the cavalry would be repeated.

Hannibal was able to surround the Romans on three sides and encircled them by sending the cavalry to the rear of the army. There were also horse archers, who had the ability to shoot on horseback – the Mongols were especially fearsome with this tactic. In the Middle Ages, armored cataphracts continued to fight on horseback.

Even in the First World War, cavalry was still considered important; the British mobilized 165,000 horses, the Austrians 600,000, the Germans 715,000, and the Russians more than a million.^[10]

The early Indo-Iranians developed the use of chariots in warfare. The scythed chariot was later invented in India and soon adopted by the Persian Empire.

War elephants were often deployed for fighting in ancient warfare. They were first used in India and later adopted by both the Persians and Alexander the Great against one another. War elephants were also used in the Battle of the Hydaspes River, and by Hannibal in the Second Punic War against the Romans.(The effectiveness of war elephants in a battle is a matter of debate)

There were also organizational changes, made possible by better training and intercommunication. Combined arms was the concept of using infantry, cavalry, and artillery in a coordinated way. The Romans, Swiss, and others made advances with this, which arguably led to them being unbeatable for centuries.

Naval warfare was often crucial to military success. Early navies used sailing ships without cannons; often the goal was to ram the enemy ships and cause them to sink.

There was human oar power, often using slaves, built up to ramming speed. Galleys were used in the 3rd millennium BC by the Cretans. The Greeks later advanced these ships.

In 1210 BC, the first recorded naval battle was fought between Suppiluliuma II, king of the Hittites, and Cyprus, which was defeated. In the Persian Wars, the navy became of increasing importance.

Triremes were involved in more complicated sea-land operations. Themistocles helped to build up a stronger Greek navy, composed of 310 ships, and defeated the Persians at the Battle of Salamis, ending the Persian invasion of Greece.^[11]

In the First Punic War, the war between Carthage and Rome started with an advantage to Carthage because of their naval experience. A Roman fleet was built in 261 BC, with the addition of the corvus that allowed Roman soldiers onboard the ships to board the enemy ships. The bridge would prove effective at the Battle of Mylae, resulting in a Roman victory.

The Vikings, in the 8th century AD, invented a ship propelled by oars with a dragon decorating the prow, hence called the Drakkar. The 12th century CE Song Dynasty invented ships with watertight bulk head compartments while the 2nd century BCE Han Dynasty invented rudders and sculled oars for their warships.

Fortifications are important in warfare. Early hill-forts were used to protect inhabitants in the Iron Age. They were primitive forts surrounded by ditches filled with water.^[12]

Forts were then built out of mud bricks, stones, wood, and other available materials. Romans used rectangular fortresses built out of wood and stone. As long as there have been fortifications, there have been contraptions to break in, dating back to the times of Romans and earlier. Siege warfare is often necessary to capture forts.

Some of the military unit types and technologies which were used in the medieval period are:

• Artillery
• Cataphract
• Condottieri
• Fyrd
• Janissary
• Knight (see also: Chivalry)
• Crossbow
• Pikeman
• Samurai
• Sipahi

Bows and arrows were often used by combatants. Egyptians shot arrows from chariots effectively. The crossbow was developed around 500 BC in China, and was used a lot in the Middle Ages.^[13] The English/Welsh longbow from the 12th century also became important in the Middle Ages. It helped to give the English a large early advantage in the Hundred Years’ War, even though the English were eventually defeated. It dominated battlefields for over a century.

In the 10th century, the invention of gunpowder led to many new weapons that were improved over time. Blackpowder was used in China since the 4th century, but it was not used as a weapon until the 11th century.

Until the mid-15th century, guns were held in one hand, while the explosive charge was ignited by the other hand. Then came the matchlock, which was used widely until around the 1720s. Leonardo da Vinci made drawings of the wheel lock which made its own sparks. Eventually, the matchlock was replaced by the flintlock.

Cannons were first used in Europe in the early 14th century, and played a vital role in the Hundred Years’ War. The first cannons were simply welded metal bars in the form of a cylinder, and the first cannonballs were made of stone. By 1346, at the battle of Crécy, the cannon had been used; at the Battle of Agincourt they would be used again.^[14]

At the beginning of the 16th century, the first European fire ships were used. Ships were filled with flammable materials, set on fire, and sent to enemy lines. This tactic was successfully used by Francis Drake to scatter the Spanish Armada at the Battle of Gravelines,^[15] and would later be used by the Chinese, Russians, Greeks, and several other countries in naval battles.

Naval mines were invented in the 17th century, though they were not used in great numbers until the American Civil War. They were used heavily in the First World War and Second World War.

The first model of submarine was invented in 1624 by Cornelius Drebbel, which could go to depth of 15 feet (5 m). However, the first war submarine as we presently think of it was constructed in 1885 by Isaac Peral.

The Turtle was developed by David Bushnell during the American Revolution. Robert Fulton then improved the submarine design by creating the Nautilus (submarine).^[16]

The Howitzer, a type of field artillery, was developed in 17th century to fire high trajectory explosive shells at targets that could not be reached by flat trajectory projectiles.

Bayonets also became of wide usage to infantry soldiers. Bayonet is named after Bayonne, France where it was first manufactured in the 16th century. It is used often in infantry charges to fight in hand-to-hand combat. General Jean Martinet introduced the bayonet to the French army. They were used a lot in the American Civil War, and continued to be used in modern wars like the Invasion of Iraq.

Balloons were first used in warfare at the end of the 18th century. It was first introduced in Paris of 1783; the first balloon traveled over 5 miles (8 km). Previously military scouts could only see from high points on the ground, or from the mast of a ship. Now they could be high in the sky, signalling to troops on the ground. This made it much more difficult for troop movements to go unobserved.

At the end of the 18th century, iron-cased rockets were successfully used militarily in India against the British by Tipu Sultan of the Kingdom of Mysore during the Anglo-Mysore Wars. Rockets were generally inaccurate at that time, though William Hale, in 1844, was able to develop a better rocket. The new rocket no longer needed the rocket stick, and had a higher accuracy.

In the 1860s there were a series of advancements in rifles. The first repeating rifle was designed in 1860 by a company bought out by Winchester, which made new and improved versions. Springfield rifles arrived in the mid-19th century also. Machine guns arrived in the middle of the 19th century. Automatic rifles and light machine guns first arrived at the beginning of the 20th century.

Also in the 1860s came the first boats that would later be known as torpedo boats. These were first used in the American Civil War, but generally were not successful. Several Confederates used spar torpedoes, which were bombs on long poles designed to attach to boats. In the later part of the 19th century, the self-propelled torpedo was developed. The HNoMS Rap

At the start of the World Wars, various nations had developed weapons that were a surprise to their adversaries, leading to a need to learn from this, and alter how to combat them. Flame throwers were first used in the first world war. The French were the first to introduce the armored car in 1902. Then in 1918, the British produced the first armored troop carrier. Many early tanks were proof of concept but impractical until further development. In World War I, the British and French held a crucial advantage due to their superiority in tanks; the Germans had only a few dozen A₇V tanks, as well as 170 captured tanks. The British and French both had over several hundred each. The French tanks included the 13 ton Schnedier-Creusot, with a 75 mm gun, and the British had the Mark IV and Mark V tanks.^[17]

On December 17, 1903, the Wright Brothers performed the first controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flight; it went 39 meters (120 ft). In 1907, the first helicopter flew, but it wasn’t practical for usage. Aviation became important in World War I, in which several aces gained fame. In 1911 an aircraft took off from a warship for the first time. It was a cruiser. Take-offs were soon perfected, but deck landings on a cruiser were another matter. This led to the development of an aircraft carrier with a decent unobstructed flight deck.

Chemical warfare exploded into the public consciousness in World War I but may have been used in earlier wars without as much human attention. The Germans used gas-filled shells at the Battle of Bolimov on January 3, 1915. These were not lethal, however. In April 1915, the Germans developed a chlorine gas that was highly lethal, and used it to great effect at Second Battle of Ypres.^[18]

World War II gave rise to even more technology. The worth of the aircraft carrier was proved in the battles between the United States and Japan like the Battle of Midway. Radar was independently invented by the Allies and Axis powers. It used radio waves to detect nearby objects. Molotov cocktails were invented by the Finns in 1939, during the Winter War. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhattan Project and launched at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, ultimately ending World War II.

During the Cold War, even though fighting did not actually occur, the superpowers – the United States and Russia – engaged in a race to develop and increase the level of technology available for military purposes. In the space race, both nations attempted to launch human beings into space to the moon. Other technological advances centered around intelligence (like the spy satellite) and missiles (ballistic missiles, cruise missiles). Nuclear submarine, invented in 1955. This meant submarines no longer had to surface as often, and could run more quietly. They evolved into becoming underwater missile platforms. Cruise missiles were invented in Nazi Germany during World War II in the form of the V-1.

Periods of military history

The influence of technology on military history, and evident Eurocentrism are nowhere more pronounced then in the attempt by the military historians to divide their subject area into more manageable periods of analysis. While general discipline of history subdivides history into Ancient history (Classical antiquity), Middle Ages (Europe, 4th century – 15th century), Early modern period (Europe, 14th century – 18th century), Modern era (Europe, 18th century – 20th century), and the Post-Modern (USA, 1949 – Present), the periodisation below stresses technological change in its emphasis, particularly the crucial dramatic change during the Gunpowder warfare period.

Periodisation is not uniformly applied through time and space, affirming the claims of Eurocentrism from regional historians. For example what might be described as ancient warfare is still practised in a number of parts of the world. Other eras that are distinct in European history, such as the era of Medieval warfare, may have little relevance in East Asia.

Polri: Bom Carlton-Marriott Mirip dengan yang Ditemukan di Cilacap

Kepala Divisi Humas Markas Besar Kepolisian Republik Indonesia, Inspektur Jenderal Nanan Soekarna akan menggelar konferensi pers seputar ledakan bom di JW Mariott, siang nanti. Nanan mengaku bom  di kedua hotel tersebut mirip dengan yang ditemukan di Cilacap.

Pada Jumat (17/7) pagi, dua bom meledak di Hotel JW Marriott dan Ritz-Carlton di Kuningan, Jakarta Selatan. Akibatnya, sembilan orang tewas dan sedikitnya 55 orang terluka.

Nanan mengakui bila bom JW Mariott dan Ritz Carlton memiliki ciri yang serupa dengan bom yang ditemukan di Cilacap awal pekan ini. Namun dia belum dapat memastikan apakah jaringan peledakan itu sama dengan Cilacap. “Itu baru fakta lapangan dan masih kami selidiki keterkaitannya dengan jaringan mana,” ujarnya.

Saat ditanya mengenai identitas korban dan pelaku di Ritz Carlton, Nanan belum dapat memberi keterangan. “Tim DVI (disaster victim identification) masih bekerja, mudah-mudahan nanti siang sudah ada hasilnya,” lanjut dia.

“Konferensi pers mungkin digelar siang nanti, karena kami harus rapat dulu dengan Pak Kapolri,” kata Nanan saat dihubungi Tempo, Sabtu (18/7).

Polri terus melakukan penyeledikian terhadap 2 janazah pelaku peledakan bom di hotel JW Marriott dan Ritz Carlton Jumat 17 Juli kemarin. Polisi berharap siang nanti kedua pelaku sudah bisa diidentifikasi dengan lengkap dan diungkap ke publik.

“Mudah-mudahan nanti siang sudah ada hasil. Tapi tergantung dari kerja tim dokter,” kata Kadiv Humas Mabes Polri Irjen (Pol) Nanan Soekarna saat berbincang dengan detikcom, Sabtu (18/7/2009).

Identitas pelaku, lanjut Nanan, nantinya akan dikembangkan ke arah kelompok tertentu. “Itu (identitas pelaku) kita tunggu dulu. Setelah identitas, baru jaringan,” katanya

Saat ini, polisi sudah berhasil mengidentifikasi pelaku bom bunuh diri di JW Marriott, inisial N. Sedangkan pelaku bom bunuh diri di Ritz Carlton masih sulit diidentifikasi, karena kondisi potongan kepala terkelupas sampai batok kepala.

Nama Unik Klub Sepak bola

10. New Wave Kitakyushu (Jepang)

Bagi penikmat musik, nama klub ini pasti membuat mereka berpaling. Ya, beberapa bagian dari nama klub ini merupakan nama sebuah aliran musim di era 80-an.

Sejak 2001 hingga saat ini, klub ini masih beredar di Jepang, meskipun hanya ambil bagian di kompetisi divisi tiga. Namun semuanya akan berubah di bulan Desember karena nama New Wave itu sendiri ternyata hak ciptanya sudah dimiliki pihak lain.

9. Revolutionary Conquerors (Belize)

Nama klub ini memang tampak luar biasa, tapi prestasinya malah sebaliknya. Mereka lebih banyak berkutat di zona degradasi kompetisi di Belize.

8. Povincial Electrical Authority (Thailand)

Nama klub ini dibuat demikian karena tim yang bermaterikan pemain yang bekerja di kepolisian, militer dan pemerintah tak terkenal di dunia sepakbola. Dan sepertinya, usaha mereka berhasil.

7. Village Superstars (St. Kitt & Nevis)

Mendengar nama klub ini pasti langsung terbesit di pikiran jika klub sepakbola ini bermaterikan pemain-pemain terbaik atau selebriti sebuah desa.

Secara komposisi tim, tidaklah demikian. Tapi urusan prestasi, Village Superstars memang mencuri perhatian karena menjadi juara di lima musim terakhir.

6. Bank Of Guam Crushers (Guam)

Para bankir mungkin sudah bosan berkutat mengurusi uang orang lain. Namun tidak ada dasar pasti yang mendasari terpilihnya nama tersebut.

5. NAC Breda (Belanda)

Klub ini sudah cukup dikenal dan tak ada yang salah dengan namanya, ya kan?

Anda salah jika berpikir demikian. Jika tiga huruf pertama, NAC, diuraikan, jadinya tiga huruf tersebut bermutasi menjadi 82 huruf.

NAC
NOAD ADVENDO Combinatie
Nooit Opgeven, Altijd Doorzetten ADVENDO Combinate
Nooit Opgeven, Altijd Doorzetten Aangenaam Door Vermaak En Nuttig Door Ontspanning Combinatie

Bila kata-kata tersebut diartikan, kurang lebih terjemahan bebasnya adalah ‘Tak Pernah menyerah, Terus Berjuang’ ‘Menyenangkan Untuk Hiburan dan Berguna Untuk Rekreasi’ Kombinasi’.

4. Green Buffaloes (Zambia)

Nama klub ini sebanarnya lebih tepat untuk julukan sebuah tim. Tapi malah julukan itu sendiri yang dijadikan nama klub tersebut.

3. Tusker FC (Kenya)

Lebih pantas menjadi sebuah nama merk bir, bukan?

2. Montserrat Volcano Observatory Tremors (Montserrat)

Klub ini bermarkas di sebuah pulau bernama Montserrat dan didirikan pada tahun 1997. Sedangkan pemberian nama klub ini didasarkan pada sebuah letusan gunung berapi beberapa tahun silam sebagai bentuk penghormatan dan kenangan terhadap korban yang meningal karena bencana itu.

1. Eleven Men In Flight (Swaziland)

Tidak jelas sejarah mengenai klub ini bisa mendapat nama demikian. Yang pasti, nama unik mereka juga membuat fans membuat julukan yang tak kalah unik juga, Easy By Night.

Haruki Murakami

Luar biasa. Kata itu mungkin tepat untuk novel berjudul IQ84 karya Haruki Murakami. Bayangkan, novel yang belum diterbitkan itu sudah meledak sebelum diluncurkan secara resmi, Jumat (29/5). Bayangkan, saat ini sudah ada 380.000 kopi pesanan sehingga Schinchosa sebagai penerbit sudah mencetak 480.000 kopi.

Sampai saat ini, semuanya masih dirahasiakan, kecuali nama penulis dan judulnya. Namun, dengan begitu, orang justru penasaran sehingga pemesanannya luar biasa meledak. Maklum, ini adalah novel pertama Murakami setelah lima tahun karyanya ditunggu penggemarnya. Nama Murakami sendiri seolah sudah menjadi jaminan, mengingat ia adalah kandidat utama dari Jepang untuk peraih nobel dalam bidang literatur.

Sejumlah karya Murakami (60) sudah diterjemahkan luas dan selalu menjadi best seller. Sebut saja novel-novel berikut: Norwegian Wood, Kafka on the Shore, dan The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle.

Sebagai bagian dari strategi pemasaran, isi novel itu sampai saat ini masih dirahasiakan. Para penggemarnya yang sudah memesan buku itu juga belum tahu apa pun tentang buku itu, kecuali judulnya IQ84, yang dalam bahasa Jepang bisa dibaca sebagai tahun 1984.

“Saya tak peduli (tentang apa isi buku itu),” kata Michiyo Sato, seorang penggemar novel-novel Murakami, Kamis (28/5), setelah membayar pemesanan buku sebesar 3.600 yen atau sekitar 38 dollar AS (Rp 400.000) di sebuah toko.

“Saya sudah begitu lama menunggu karyanya,” kata pria berusia 45 tahun yang tinggal di Tokyo itu. Menurut dia, karya-karya Murakami sangat kaya dengan nilai-nilai humanisme.

“Kerja yang lama dan dirahasiakan justru membuat para penggemarnya sangat haus akan bukunya,” kata Toshiaki Uchida, asisten manajer di Toko Buku Yaesu.

Seperti novel-novel Murakami sebelumnya, IQ84 sangat kompleks dengan metode bercerita surealisme. Buku itu mengangkat tema yang bolak-balik di antara dua tokoh, pria dan wanita, yang saling mencari.

Melalui pikiran dan pengalaman kedua tokoh, yang juga memasukkan pembunuhan dan unsur kesejarahan, buku ini mengeksplorasi isu-isu sosial dan emosional, seperti kultur keberagamaan, kekerasan, ikatan keluarga, dan cinta.

Sejauh ini belum diperoleh kepastian kapan buku baru itu akan diterjemahkan dalam bahasa Inggris. Murakami sendiri yang tinggal di AS, termasuk di Princeton dan Harvard, sampai saat ini belum bisa dimintai komentarnya.

Selain fiksi, Murakami juga menulis nonfiksi, seperti buku yang didasarkan pada hasil wawancara dengan keluarga korban meninggal akibat ledakan gas di Tokyo tahun 1995.

Review Buku Kiyosaki

Inilah pernyataan menarik yang dilontarkan Robert T Kiyosaki dalam bukunya, ‘Rich Dad Poor Dad’ (RDPD). Buku ini merupakan karya pertama dari trilogi Kiyosaki, bersama dua buku lainnya, ‘Cashflow Quadrant (CQ)’ dan ‘Rich Dad: Guide to Investing’ (RDGI). Dan tentu saja trilogi yang ditulis bareng dengan kawan lamanya, Sharon L Lechter, kini jadi buku ‘bestseller’ versi ‘New York Times.’

Robert Kiyosaki Best Seller Books

Sebagai pengarang berperspektif unik mengenai bisnis, Kiyosaki memang mengkhususkan diri menulis buku-buku bertema ekonomi. Dasar pemikirannya sangat sederhana: Jabatan, karier, maupun kepandaian, tidak bisa menjamin seseorang menjadi kaya. Itu sebabnya, menurut Kiyosaki, konsep pendidikan yang menekankan bahwa ”anak sekolah harus pintar” harus diubah total. Ini agar kita tidak terkurung dalam ‘rat race,’ kehidupan yang tak cerdas.

”Alasan utama orang bersusah payah secara finansial adalah karena mereka menghabiskan waktu bertahun-tahun di sekolah, tetapi tidak belajar apa pun mengenai uang,” ujar Kiyosaki yang pernah menjadi staf pengajar bisnis dan investasi. ”Hasilnya adalah orang bekerja untuk mendapatkan uang, tetapi tak pernah belajar agar uang bekerja untuk mereka.”

Sebagai pengganti, Kiyosaki melontarkan gagasan ‘how to get rich.’ Ada enam kiat yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk menjadi orang kaya. Pertama, ”Orang Kaya Tidak Bekerja Untuk Uang” (hlm 13). Ini bisa jadi cara efektif menghindari kemiskinan. Sebab, kata Kiyosaki, orang miskin tidak memiliki kebebasan finansial dalam hidupnya. Penghasilannya selalu habis untuk membiayai kewajibannya.

Kia t kedua, penguasaan atas empat konsep bisnis — yaitu pemasukan, pengeluaran, neraca aset, dan liabilities. Secara detil kiat ini diungkap dalam item ”Mengapa Mengajarkan Melek Finansial” (hlm 57). Ketiga, anjuran untuk memulai bisnis sendiri sebagai jalan awal menuju kekayaan. Ini diungkapnya dalam bab ”Uruslah Bisnis Anda Sendiri” (hlm 93). Sedang kiat keempat Kiyosaki terasa lebih teknis, yaitu ihwal ”Sejarah Pajak dan Kekuatan Korporasi” (hlm 105). Intinya, bila kita bagaimana mengatur pajak, maka pengetahuan ini akan mendatangkan kekayaan.

Masih ada kiat kelima, yaitu ”Orang Kaya Menciptakan Uang” (hlm 121). Di sini Kiyosaki membahas ihwal ‘kecerdasan finansial’ orang kaya dalam mengelola uang. Kecerdasan itu antara lain, dapat membedakan ‘good and bad liabilities, good and bad debt, good and bad expenses,’ dan ‘good and bad risk.’ Dibahas pula tentang investasi sebagai teknik orang kaya menciptakan uang.

Kiat terakhir yang disodorkan Kiyosaki adalah ”Bekerja Untuk Belajar, Jangan Bekerja Untuk Uang” (hlm 149). Ajaran ini terkait dengan perubahan paradigma era informasi, dari ‘school smart’ ke ‘school smart’ dan ‘street smart.’ Artinya, selain diperlukan kecerdasan akademis, untuk jadi orang kaya, dibutuhkan juga ‘ilmu jalanan’ yang tidak didapat di bangku sekolah.

Tentu saja Kiyosaki tak mencipta kiat ini dari ilmu ekonomi yang dipelajarinya secara formal. Tapi, lebih bertumpu pada renungan tentang kisah hidupnya sendiri. Seperti yang dikutip di ‘RDPD’, yang diterbitkan Gramedia Pustaka Utama pertama kali September 2001, sukses karier bisnis Kiyosaki diawali sejak 1997 dengan mendirikan perusahaan dompet berbahan nylon. Di tahun 1985 kegiatan bisnis pengusaha kelahiran Hawaii ini mulai dikurangi, tetapi kegiatan investasi tetap dilakukan. Dari sanalah Kiyosaki terus menuai sukses.

Menurut Tri Utomo Wiganarto, konsultan West Java Corridor, trilogi Kiyosaki ini hampir sepenuhnya berbicara tentang pembentukan karakter pribadi kita dan hanya sedikit yang membahas masalah teknis. ”Pendekatan Kiyosaki adalah pendekatan ‘leaderships’ yang dituangkan dalam bahasa yang membumi,” kata Tri Utomo dalam acara bedah buku trilogi Kiyosaki di Bandung belum lama ini. ”Pemikiran Kiyosaki mengubah paradigma berpikir kita menjadi lebih terbuka.”

Rendra Hertiadhi, marketing dan corporate director PT Myohdotcom Indonesia Tbk, menilai bahwa empat konsep bisnis Kiyosaki sangat aplikatif. Bila kita mengadopsi konsep ‘bad liabilities’ — seperti spekulasi utang — risikonya sangat tinggi. Selama utang sesuai rencana, tidak jadi masalah. Asal, sumber pembayaran utang bukan dari kantong sendiri, melainkan dari aset bisnis yang kita ciptakan. ”Jadi, pembahasan Kiyosaki tentang ‘bad and good liabilities’ sangat tepat,” ujarnya.

Buku ‘RDPD’ secara keseluruhan memaparkan serangkaian petunjuk agar kita berusaha mendekati impian kita untuk menjadi kaya. Tetapi di akhir buku, Kiyosaki menegaskan bahwa semuanya berpulang pada seberapa keras usaha dan kontrol diri Anda. Buku kedua, ‘CQ,’ dicetak enam kali sepanjang tahun 2001. Di sini Kiyosaki menciptakan sebuah model yang disebut ‘cashflow quadrant.’ Model ini terdiri dari empat kuadran yang memetakan empat posisi orang dalam konteks finansial.

Buku setebal 330 halaman dan terdiri dari 18 bab ini memberikan petunjuk bagi kita untuk mengetahui di kuadran mana posisi kita dan membantu kita untuk berpindah ke kuadran yang lebih baik. Empat kuadran tersebut adalah kuadran E (‘employee’), kuadran S (‘self employee’), kuadran B (‘business ownners’), dan kuadran I (‘investor’).

Di bagian pertama buku ini, Kiyosaki memaparkan perbedaan inti dari orang-orang pada masing-masing kuadran dengan menganalisis kata-kata mereka. Bagian kedua merupakan tahap-tahap membangkitkan potensi yang ada dalam diri untuk menjadi kaya. Bagian ketiga buku ini diisi nasehat Kiyosaki menjadi ‘business ownners’ dan ‘investor’ yang sukses. Intinya adalah kontrol diri, investasi, dan manajemen. Selain itu juga disuguhkan tujuh langkah menemukan jalur cepat kebebasan finansial Anda (Bab 11).

Buku ketiga, ‘RDGI,’ baru selesai diterjemahkan dan diterbitkan di Indonesia tiga pekan lalu. Buku ini lebih banyak memberikan petunjuk teknis investasi serta pelajaran tentang bagaimana mempertahankan bisnis yang telah Anda bangun. Ada tiga hal yang menurut Kiyosaki dapat dilakukan untuk mempertahankan bisnis kita, yaitu dengan menyumbangkan kecerdasan, pengalaman, dan uang Anda pada pihak-pihak yang membutuhkan.

Perr y Tristianto, raja ‘factory outlet’ Bandung, mengaku bahwa gara-gara teori Kiyosaki, ia yang memulai kariernya di kuadran E sekarang mampu bermain di kuadran B . ”Pelajaran dari Kiyosaki sebagian besar terjadi pada kehidupan saya,” papar Perry.

Terdiri dari kurang lebih 400 halaman, buku ini memberikan pandangan komprehensif mengenai pemikiran-pemikiran Kiyosaki dalam bentuk tips-tips yang dikemas secara menarik. Semuanya digelar dalam bahasa yang sederhana dan sistematis. Artinya bisa dicerna dengan mudah oleh siapa pun.

Di tengah terpuruknya perekonomian kita, trilogi Kiyosaki memang menawarkan angin segar. Apalagi buku ini memang ditulis Kiyosaki pada suatu periode hidupnya yang serba sulit. Kiyosaki sempat mengalami keterpurukan, kehilangan tempat tinggal, menjadi orang yang terpinggirkan, dan jatuh sakit.

I think you think, you are not what are you thinking of me……

Nommensen dan Kristiani Batak

Agama Kristen

Pekabaran Injil atau Zending sudah memasuki Indonesia pada masa pendudukan Portugis di kepulauan Maluku (1512-1605) ditandai dengan menetapnya beberapa misionaris Yesuit (Katolik Roma) di Ternate, pada tahun 1522.

Penakluk VOC (Verenigde OosIndicshe Compagine) terhadap Portugis di Maluku pada tahun 1605 memulai babak baru Pekabaran Injil oleh Gereja Protestan. Akan tetapi, awal abad ke-19 tetap dicatat sebagi masa-masa bersejarah Pekabaran Injil di Indonesia, dengan bekerjanya sejumlah organisasi Zending oleh Gereja-gereja Protestan dari Belanda dan Jerman (baca : Pekabaran Injil di Indonesia).

Organisasi Pekabaran Injil Belanda yang sudah melakukan misinya di Indonesia adalah Nederlandse Zendeling Genootschap (NZG), dimulai selama Belanda di bawah kekuasaan Perancis (1795-1813) dan Indonesia di bawah pemerintahan sementara Inggris (Gubenur Jenderal Refles (1811-1816). Perhimpunan Belanda lainnya yang menyusul adalah Nederlandse Zendingsvereniging (NZV),

Utrechtse Zendingsvereniging (UZV), sedangkan dari Jerman adalah Rheinische Missinsgesekkschaft (RM). Biasanya pekabaran Injil dilakukan tersebar di koloni-koloni pemerintah Belanda di sejumlah pulau di Indonesia, antara lain di Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Tenggara, Irian, Halmahera, Buru, Poso, Sangir, dan Talaud.

Ketika pekabaran Injil sudah dilakukan secara sistematis di sejumlah daerah di Indonesia tidak demikian halnya di Tanah Batak (Utara). Kawasan ini masih sangat tertutup seperti dikelilingi kabut misteri. Suku Batak Toba yang mendiaminya tetap asyik dengan kehidupan sosial yang dicengkeram agama suku, masih pele begu, peradaban yang cenderung primitif karena hidup dalam permusuhan, perbudakan, penculikan, perampokan, perjudian, dan kanibalisme. Maka istilah “Jangan coba-coba mendekati orang Batak” memaksa Burton dan Ward menarik langkah mereka mundur dari Tanah Batak saat berkunjung Juli 1824. Burton dan Ward adalah utusan Babtist Church of England, tercatat sebagai misionaris pertama yang mengunjungi Tanah Batak.

Setelah kunjungan Burton dan Ward, ditaksir pada tahun 1825, pasukan Padri dan Bonjol, Minagkabau yang dipimpin Tuanku Rao menyerang Tanah Batak. Serangan mendadak berkekuatan 15.000 pasukan berkuda membasmi lebih dari separuh komunitas Batak Toba, peristiwa genocide (pembantaian suku) yang sangat mengerikan dalam sejarah Batak. Sebagian korban meninggal diakibatkan epidemi ganas yang berasal dari bangkai binatang peliharaan dan mayat-mayat yang tidak sempat dikubur.

Penyerangan Padri menimbulkan trauma di kalangan suku Batak Toba dan sangat menaruh curiga pada setiap pendatang. Bisa jadi sikap itulah yang diperlihatkan peristiwa Samuel Munson dan Henry Lyman yang mati martir di Sisangkak (sekarang masuk Kecamatan Adiankoting) 28 Juli 1834. Dua misionaris utusan Gereja Amerika dibunuh Raja Panggalamei. Mayat mereka di pertontonkan di sebuah pekan di Lobupining, tidak jauh dari Sisangkak, sebagai tanda kemenangan. Konon, mayat kedua martir itu dimakan hingga tinggal kerangka.

Mundurnya Burton Ward serta tewasnya Munson-Lyman menjadi alasan pembenaran bagi pemeritah Hindia Belanda melarang para misionaris memasuki Tanah Batak. Belanda sendiri sudah menguasai Sumatera Barat dan Tanah Batak Bagian selatan (Mandailing dan Angkola) setelah berhasil menaklukkan pasukan Padri dalam perang yang disebut Padri Oorlog (perang Padri) pada tahun 1837. Pada tahun itu juga Belanda telah menarik garis-garis perbatasan antara daerah-daerah Batak yang mereka kuasai dengan daerah Batak yang belum dikuasai. Daerah Batak yang diuasai Belanda adalah pantai Barus, Natal, Mandailing, Barumun, Sosa, Padang, Batak Angkola, dan Sisirok. Daerah-daerah itu disebut Keresidenan Tapanuli dipimpin seorang residen berkedudukan di Sibolga. Sedangkan daerah Batak yang belum dikuasai Belanda disebut “Daerah Batak Merdeka” (De Onafhankelijke Bataklanden) terdiri dari kawasan yang didiami Batak Toba, yaitu Silindung, Humbang, Toba, dan Samosir.

Misionaris Ermelo

Secara umum Pekabaran Injil di dunia adalah mengkuti pembukaan segala benua melalui gerakan imperialisme dan kolonialisme. Maka, tak heran apabila mesionaris perintis di Tanah Batak tertahan di Sipirok dan Angkola yang sudah masuk dalam penaklukan Belanda, belum masuk ke Tanah Batak sebelum daerah itu betul-betul masuk dalam kekuasaan Belanda .

Setelah Burton-Ward dan Munson-Lyman, misionaris perintis lain yang menyusul adalah Gerrit van Asselt. Dia diutus Ds Wetteven dari kota Ermello, Belanda, tiba di Sumatra Mei 1856 dan berpos di Sipirok ,1857. Organisasi yang megirimkan Gerrit van Asselt sangat kecil, bahkan dalam buku Sejarah Gereja, karangan Dr.H .Berkog dan Dr. IH Enklar sama sekali tidak disebut-sebut. Ada yang mencatat Zending Ermello berada di bawah naungan Nederlandse Zendingsvereniging (NZV). Akan tetapi, karena NZV baru berdiri pada tahun 1856, besar kemungkinan Zending Ermello berada di bawah naungan Nederandse Zending-Genootschap (NZG) yang berdiri pada tahun 1797, sebuah organisasi Zending dari mana NZV berasal.

Karena ketiadaan dana Gerrit van Asselt pun membiayai sendiri tugas–tugasnya sebagai penginjil. Hasilnya tentu tidak maksimal karena konsentrasinya terbagi sebagai opzichter (pelaksana) pembangunan jalan di Sibolga dan kemudian menjadi opzichter (administrator) gudang kopi milik Belanda di sipirok. Zending Ermelo mengirimkan lagi beberapa misionaris mendaampingi Gerrit van Asselt, yaitu FG Betz, Dammerboer, Koster, dan van Dallen. Misionaris menyusul ini bekerja sebagai tukang, mengingatkan model Pekabaran Injil yang dilakukan Ds. OG Heldring di Irian, Sangir dan Talaud.

Koster dan van Dalen ditempatkan di Pargarutan. Van Dallen kemudian pindah ke Simapilapil. Dammerbooer jadi opzichter di sekolah Belanda sebelum ke Huta Rimbaru dan masuk ke Mission Java Komite. Gerrit van Asselt sendiri pada 31 Maret 1961 membaptis orang Batak Kristen pertama, Simon Siregar dan Jakobus Tampubolon di Sipirok.

Misionaris Utasan Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft

Semangat Pekabran Injil de Eropah tak lagi tergantung pada kerjasama suatu Gereja dengan pemerintahnya yang melakukan kolinialisasi ke berbagai benua. Di Jerman, di tepi sungai Zending. Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft (RM) yang berdiri pada tahun 1818 mengutus misionaris ke daratan luas dan suku-suku bangsa besar di Afrika dan Tiongkok, termasuk ke Indonesia yang berada di bawah penguasaan Belanda.

Di Indonesia, RM pertama sekali mengkosentrasikan perkerjaannya di Kalimantan Tenggara sejak tahun 1836. Pada tahun 1859 meletus Perang Banjar yang dipimpin Pangeran Hidayat. Perang tersebut menelan banyak korban tewas-termasuk 4 pendeta, 3 istri, dan 2 anak Mereka. RM terpaksa mengundurkan Pekabaran Injil di sana lalu memindahkannya ke Tanah Batak (1861), Nias (1865), Mentawai (1901), dan Enggano (1903), Pekabaran Injil yang ditinggalkan RMG di Kalimantan Tenggara diteruskan Basler Mission Dari Swiss.

Pemindahan Zendeling dari Kalimantan ke Tanah Batak terkait dengan penugasan pimpinan RM, Inspektur Dr.Friedrich Fabri kepada misionaris yang tertahan di Batavia akibat Perang Banjar, pada tahun 1860. Ketika itu Febri berkunjung ke Amsterdam, Belanda. Dia sangat tertarik pada dokumen van der Took mengenai suku Batak Toba yang ditelitinya pada tahun 1849. Fabri mengutus Hoefen mengunjungi Tanah Batak, dan berdasarkan laporan Hoefen RM menugaskan dua misionaris, Klammer yang bertahan di Batavia dan Heine yang langsung didatangkan dari Barmen, ke Tanah Batak. Keduanya tiba di Sibolga 17 Agustus 1961 dan memilih Sipirok sebagai pos utama. Heine dan Klammer tinggal melapor ke residen Tapanuli di Sibolga karena Fabri sudah lebih dahulu meminta izin atas penugasan kedua misionaris itu ke pemerintahan Belanda.

Dengan demikian telah bertugas misionaris Sending Emelo dan RM di perbatasan Tanah Batak Utara dan Tanah Batak Selatan. Karena Pekabaran Injil bersifat supra nasional, atas koordinasi Zending Emelo dan RM, Betz dan van Asset bergabung dengan Heine dan Klammer di bawah naungan RM. Keempat misionaris itu melakukan rapat pembagian tugas pada 7 Oktober 1861. Bentz mendapat tugas di tempat pelayanan yang telah dia buka sebelumnya, yaitu Bungabondar, Klammer di Sipirok, sedangkan Heine dan van Asselt di Pangaloan. Tanggal pembagian tugas inilah yang kemudian dicatat sebagai hari jadi atau lahirnya HKBP (Huria Kristen Batak Protestan).

Missionaris Nommensen

Ingwer Ludwig Nommensen (1834-1918) merupakan tokoh sentral Pekabaran Injil di Tanah Batak. Dialah yang kemudian dijuluki sebagai “Rasul Batak” yang menjadikan suku Batak Toba menjadi suku bangsa maju.

Dia menginjakkan kaki di Barus Juni 1862, ditempatkan oleh rekan-rekan pendahulunya di Parausorat Desember 1862, lalu menginjakkan kaki di Silindung November 1863. Pekerjaan di perbatasan, menurutnya tidak memadai karena dominan penduduknya sudah memeluk agama Islam. Tak ada cara lain kecuali memasuki Tanah Batak, Silindung adalah pilihan utama karena jumlah penduduknya sangat besar, meskipun ditentang pemerintah Hindia Belanda, harus ditempuh melalui medan yang berat yaitu hutan belantara yang penuh marabahaya, serta kemungkinan ditolak bahkan bisa terbunuh.

Dr.H.Berkof dan Dr.IH Enklaar dalam sejarah Gereja mencatat, ”sungguhpun mula-mula pekerjaannya (pekerjaan Nommensen) amat susah dan ia sering ditimpa sengsara dan bahaya, tetapi ia bernubuat: Aku melihat seluruh daerah ini ditaburi dengan gedung-gedung gereja dan sekolah! Sekarang ramalan itu sudah di genapi, karena oleh strategi Zending yang cakap, pimpinan yang kuat, pekerja yang banyak dan latihan pengantar-pengantar jemaat dan guru sekolah dengan secukupnya dari permulaan, maka lama kelamaan Gereja Kristus di Tanah Batak meluas sampai menjadi Gereja muda paling besar di dunia.”

Lothar Schreiner,dalam bukunya Adat dan Injil membuat tahapan sejarah pengkristenan orang Batak denga merujuk pada tugas pelayanan Ingwer Ludwig Nommensen dan di mulainya pekabaran Injil oleh RMG (Rheinische Mission Gesellschaft) di tanah Batak.

1861-1881:
di sebut sebagai peletakan dasar-dasar pertama perkabaran Injil oleh Nommensen dan PH johansen di lembah silindung,dengan sokongan kuat dari penguasa lokal Raja Pontas Lumbantobing,di susul dengan penerjemahan kitab-kitab dasar untuk jemaat-jemaat, yakni Katekismus Kecil pada tahun 1874 dan perjanjian baru pada tahun 1878.Tata Gereja yang pengaruhnya paling dalam serta lama karena berlaku sampai tahun 1930, diberlakukan mula-mula pada tahun 1881.

1881-1901:

Nommensen memindahkan tempat kediamannya ke Toba dan merencanakan serta memimpin sendiri pekerjaannya. Didirikanlah jemaat-jemaat dalam wilayah yang semakin luas di daerah-daerah danau Toba dan di tampung golongan-golongan besar, sehingga terbentuklah suatu gereja suku. Pada tahun 1885 pendeta-pendeta pertama ditahbiskan. Sampai dengan tahun 1901 sudah 48.000 orang Batak dibaptiskan.

1901-1918:

masih dicirikan oleh prakarsa Nommensen termasuk melakukan pekabaran Injil ke Batak Simalungun. Di Simalungun pengkristenan tidak lagi berlangsung begitu sistematis sebagaimana terjadi di kalangan Batak Toba. Barulah setelah tahun 1940 sebagian besar orang-orang Batak Simalungun berhasil dikristenkan.

1918-1940:

ditandai dengan pekerjaan J.Warneck sebagai Ephorus menggantikan Nommensen yang meninggal dunia pada tahun 1918, melalui suatu tata gereja yang baru membuat Gereja Batak mandiri secara yuridis. (Dalam bukunya Lothar Schreiner menyebut HKBP dengan Gereja Batak). Barulah pada 1940 HKBP berhasil mandiri dalam arti yang sebenarnya, yakni ketika para zendeling jerman diinternir dan sinode memilih seorang pendeta Batak, K.Sirait menjadi ephorus.

1940-1954:

ditandai dengan masa pendudukan Jepang dan masa revolusi di Indonesia. Pendidikan pendeta dan penyelenggaraan jemaat-jemaat dilakukan tanpa bantuan dan sokongan luar negeri. Hubungan-hubungan dengan luar negeri pulih ketika HKBP menjadi anggota yang ikut mendirikan Dewan Gereja-gereja se-Dunia (1948) dan dengan pengakuan Iman sendiri (1951) memasuki Federasi Gereja-gereja Lutheran se-Dunia(1952).

1954-hingga buku Gereja dan Injil,ini diterbitkan pada tahun 1972:

Ditandai dengan didirikannya Universitas Nommensen (1954) dengan kira-kira 3.000 mahasiswa pada tahun 1971,dan suatu tata gereja baru (1962) yang dengannya dihapuskan sinode distrik. HKBP juga mengembangkan usaha pendidikan dan penginjilan dikalangan orang-orang Jawa di Sumatera Timur, orang-orang Sakai di Riau, dan di Malaysia. Pada permulaan tahun 1960-an HKBP hampir mempunyai 900.000 anggota di sumatera dan banyak jemaat di pulau lainnya dan di Singapura.

Dalam perkembangannya HKBP beberapa kali mengalami peristiwa “ditinggalkan jemaat”, di mulai tahun 1927 dengan berdirinya Mission Batak, disusul Huria Christen Batak (HCB), Punguan Kristen Batak (PKB), dan Huria Kristen Indonesia (HKI). Pada tahun 1964 sejumlah anggota keluar dan menamakan diri Gereja Kristen Protestan Indonesia (GKPI). Atas kemelut HKBP yang terjadi pada tahun 1990-an sejumlah anggota juga banyak yang pindah ke Gereja lain. Menurut Almanak HKBP tahun 2007 HKBP memiliki 3.139 gereja yang tersebar di Indonesia bahkan di Singapura dan Amerika Serikat. Dengan jumlah lebih dari 5 juta jemaat HKBP di catat sebagai lembaga keagamaan dengan jumlah angota terbesar ketiga setelah Nahdatul Ulama (NU) dan Muhamadiyah.

Kehidupan Nomensen

Berbicara tentang peradaban Batak, barangkali akan lain ceritanya jika Dr. Ingwer Ludwig Nommensen tidak pernah menginjakkan kakinya di Tanah Batak. Siapakah dia dan mengapa ia dijuluki sebagai “Apostel Batak”?

Nommmensen adalah manusia biasa dengan tekad luar biasa. Perjuangan pendeta kelahiran 6 Februari 1834 di Marsch Nordstrand, Jerman Utara itu untuk melepaskan animisme dan keterbelakangan dari peradaban Batak patut mendapatkan penghormatan. Maka tak heran, suatu kali dalam sidang zending di Barmen, ketika utusan Denmark dan Jerman mengklaim bahwa Nommensen adalah warga negara mereka, Pendeta Dr. Justin Sihombing yang hadir waktu itu justru bersikeras mengatakan bahwa Nommensen adalah orang Batak. Nommensen muda, ketika genap berusia 28 tahun telah hijrah meninggalkan Nordstrand dan hidup di Tanah Batak hingga akhir hayatnya dalam usia 84 tahun.

Masa mudanya, ia lewati dengan menjalani pendidikan teologia (1857-1861) di Rheinische Missions-Gesselscha ft (RMG) Barmen, setelah menerima sidi pada hari Minggu Palmarum 1849, ketika berusia 15 tahun. Sebenarnya, kedatangan penginjil-penginjil Eropa ke Tanah Batak pun sudah dimulai sejak 1820-an. Pada 1824 Gereja Baptis Inggris mengirimkan dua penginjil: Pendeta Burton Ward dan Pendeta Evans yang terlebih dahulu tiba di Batavia. Pendeta Evans menginjil di Tapanuli Selatan, Pendeta Burton Ward di wilayah Silindung. Sayangnya, mereka ditolak. Animesme masih kuat dalam kehidupan suku Batak.

Sepuluh tahun kemudian, dua penginjil Amerika: Samuel Munson dan Henry Lyman pun tiba di Silindung. Tapi, mereka malah mendapati ajalnya di sana setelah dibunuh oleh sekelompok orang di Saksak Lobu Pining, sekitar Tarutung. Pembunuhan dilakukan atas perintah Raja Panggalamei. Kedua missionaris dimakamkan di Lobu Pining, sekitar 20 kilometer dari Kota Tarutung, menuju arah Kota Sibolga.

Impian Nommensen untuk menjadi penginjil sudah muncul sejak kecil, meski pada pada masa-masa itu ia sudah terbiasa hidup sederhana. Dalam kesederhanaan itu, disebabkan orangtuanya yang tunakarya dan sering sakit-sakitan, ia bahkan sering kelaparan karena tidak punya makanan sehingga terpaksa mencari sisa-sisa makanan di rumah-rumah orang kaya bersama teman-temannya. Maka, sejak usia 8 tahun pun ia sudah menjadi gembala upahan hingga umur 10 tahun.

Tapi, rintangan tak luput menghambat cita-cita mulia itu. Sekali waktu, ketika berusia 12 tahun, Nommensen mengalami kecelakaan ketika berkejar-kejaran dengan temannya dan tertabrak kereta kuda sehingga membuat kakinya lumpuh. Akan tetapi Tuhan berkehendak lain.

Ketika dokter yang merawatnya menganjurkan agar kakinya diamputasi, ia menolak dan meminta agar didoakan oleh ibunya dengan syarat, jika doa itu terkabul maka ia akan memberitakan injil kepada orang yang belum mengenal Kristus. Tak lama kemudian doa itu terkabul, ia pun sembuh.

Pada 1853, dengan keputusan yang matang, berbekal sepatu dan pakaian seadanya, ia pun pergi meninggalkan kampung halamannya untuk meraih cita-cita dan janjinya itu, yang juga sempat tertunda karena gagal menjadi kolesi di pelabuhan Wick. Ia kemudian bertemu dengan Hainsen, mantan gurunya di Boldixum. Hainsen lalu mempekerjakannya sebagai guru pembantu di Tonderm setelah beberapa waktu menjadi koster. Di sinilah ia bertemu dengan Pendeta Hausted dan mengungkapkan cita-citanya itu. Ia pun melamar di Lembaga Pekabaran Injil Rhein atau RMG Barmen.

Nommensen lalu mematangkan pengetahuannya tentang injil dengan kuliah teologia pada 1857, ketika berusia 23 tahun. Pada masa itu, pekerjaan sebagai tukang sapu, pekerja kebun dan juru tulis sekolah, turut disambinya, hingga ia lulus dan ditahbiskan menjadi pendeta pada 13 Oktober1861, yang kemudian membawanya ke Tanah Batak pada 23 Juni 1862.

Dari Norsdtrand ke Silindung

Nommensen, yang kini tetap dikenang dan dipanggil dengan gelar kehormatan “Ompu I, Apostel Batak”, dalam perjalanan misi zendingnya bukanlah tanpa rintangan. Bahkan, dalam beberapa kali ia pernah akan dibunuh dengan cara menyembelih dan meracunnya. Alasannya, ia dicurigai sebagai mata-mata “si bottar mata” (stereotip ini ditujukan kepada Belanda).

Tapi ia tidak takut sebab janjinya kepada Tuhan harus dipenuhi. Sekali waktu ia pun berkata, ”Tidak mungkin, seujung rambut pun tidak akan bisa diambil kalau tidak atas kehendak Allah.” Sebelumnya, setelah resmi diutus dari RMG Barmen ia terlebih dahulu menemui Dr. H. N. Van der Tuuk, yang sebelumnya pada 1849 telah diutus oleh Lembaga Alkitab Belanda untuk mempelajari Bahasa Batak.

Setelah mendapatkan mendapatkan informasi lebih jauh tentang Batak, maka pada 24 Desember 1861 ia pun berangkat dengan kapal “Partinax” menuju Sumatra dan tiba di Padang pada 16 Mei 1862. Dari sana ia kemudian meneruskan perjalanannya ke Barus melalui Sibolga. Di sinilah pertama kali ia bertemu langsung dengan orang Batak kemudian mempelajari bahasa dan adatnya. Hanya saja, ia tak lama di sana. Selain karena sudah masukya agama Islam, ia melihat adanya nilai pluraritas antarsuku yang sudah menyatu di sana: Toba, Angkola, Melayu, Pesisir.

Maka, setelah beberapa bulan tinggal di sana, ia pun memutuskan untuk pergi ke daerah lain: Sipirok. Lalu, atas keputusan rapat pendeta yang ke-2 pada 7 Oktober 1862 di Sipirok (setelah sebelumnya melayani penduduk di Parau Sorat, dan mendirikan gereja yang pertama di sana), pergilah ia menuju wilayah perkampungan Batak yang dikenal dengan Silindung.

Di sana, suatu kali di puncak (dolok) Siatas Barita (sekarang puncak Taman Wisata Rohani Salib Kasih, Tarutung Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara), Nommensen pernah hendak dibunuh. Waktu itu sedang berlangsung ritual penyembahan kepada Sombaon Siatas Barita, ialah roh alam yang disembah orang Batak. Kerbau pun disembelih. Akan tetapi, pemimpin ritual (Sibaso) tidak menyukainya dan menyuruh pengikutnya untuk membunuhnya. Lalu, kata Nommensen kepada mereka, “Roh yang berbicara kepada Sibaso bukanlah roh Siatas Barita, nenek moyangmu, melainkan roh setan. Nenek moyangmu tidak mungkin menuntut darah salah satu keturunannya.” Sibaso jatuh tersungkur dan mereka tidak mengganggunya lagi.

Setelah berhasil menjalin persahabatan dengan raja-raja yang paling berpengaruh di Silindung: Raja Amandari dan Raja Pontas Lumban Tobing, maka pada 29 Mei 1864, Nommensen mendirikan gereja di Huta Dame, sekitar Desa Sait ni Huta, Tarutung. Kemudian atas tawaran Raja Pontas, maka turut didirikan jemaat di Desa Pearaja, yang kini menjadi pusat gereja HKBP.

Setelah itu ia pergi ke Humbang dan tiba di Desa Huta Ginjang. Kemudian pada 1876 ia berangkat ke Toba ditemani Pendeta Johannsen dan sampai di Balige. Tetapi, akibat situasi yang gawat waktu itu, ketika pertempuran antara pasukan Sisingamangaraja XII dengan pasukan Belanda sedang terjadi, mereka pun menangguhkan perjalanan dan kembali ke Silindung.

Pada 1886 Nommensen kembali ke Toba (Laguboti dan Sigumpar), setelah pada 1881 Pendeta Kessel dan Pendeta Pilgram tiba dan berhasil menyebarkan injil di sana. Misi kedua pendeta ini kemudian dilanjutkan oleh Pendeta Bonn yang telah mendapat restu dari Raja Ompu Tinggi dan Raja Oppu Timbang yang menyediakan lahan gedung sekolah di Laguboti.

Pendeta Boon pindah dari Sigumpar ke Pangaloan dan Nommensen menggantikan tugasnya. Sepeninggalan Boon, Nommensen mendapat rintangan di mana sempat terjadi perdebatan sesama penduduk atas izin sebidang tanah. Setelah akhirnya mendapat persetujuan dari penduduk, ia pun mendirikan gereja, sekolah, balai pengobatan, lahan pertanian dan tempat tinggalnya di sana. Konsep pembangunan satu atap ini disebut dengan “pargodungan”, yang menjadi karakter setiap pembangunan gereja Protestan di Tanah Batak.

Dari Sigumpar, Nommensen bersama beberapa pendeta lainnya melanjutkan zending dengan menaiki “solu” (perahu) melintasi Danau Toba yang dikaguminya menuju Pulau Samosir. Maka, pada 1893 Pendeta J. Warneck pun tiba di Nainggolan, 1898 Pendeta Fiise di Palipi, 1911 Pendeta Lotz di Pangururan dan 1914 Pendeta Bregenstroth di Ambarita.

Misi zending tak berhenti sampai di sana. Nommensen lalu mengajukan permohonan kepada RMG Barmen agar misinya diperluas hingga wilayah Simalungun. Permohonan itu ditanggapi dengan mengutus Pendeta Simon, Pendeta Guillaume dan Pendeta Meisel menuju Sigumpar pada 16 Maret 1903. Dari sana mereka pergi ke Tiga Langgiung, Purba, Sibuha-buhar, Sirongit, Bangun Purba, Tanjung Morawa, Medan, Deli Tua, Sibolangit dan Bukum. Bersama Nommensen, mereka pun melanjutkan perjalanan melalui Purba, Raya, Pane, Dolok Saribu hingga Onan Runggu.

Misi Nommensen memang penuh pengorbanan. Tapi, ia tulus. Demi misinya, ia bahkan tak sempat melihat Caroline Gutbrod, yang wafat setelah sebelumnya jatuh sakit dan terpaksa dipulangkan ke Jerman. Nommensen juga banyak menyisakan kenangan, yang barangkali menjadi simbol pengorbanan dan jasanya kelak. Kenangan-kenangan itu ibarat benih, meski sang penabur kelak telah tiada. Barangkali, Gereja Dame adalah salah satu benih itu, yang ketika penulis berkunjung ke sana, tampak kondisiya sudah mulai usang tapi masih berfungsi. Gereja kecil itu adalah gereja yang pertama kali didirikannya ketika menginjakkan kakinya di daerah Silindung, Tarutung.

Lokasinya di Desa Onan Sitahuru Saitni Huta, sekitar 2 kilometer ke arah selatan Kota Tarutung, Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Di gereja ini, Nommensen mulai mengajar umatnya dengan teratur. Selain mengajar Alkitab (termasuk menerjemahkan kitab Perjanjian Baru ke dalam bahasa Batak), ia juga mengajar pertanian serta mulai menyusun tata pelaksanaan ibadah gereja dengan teratur.

Onan Sitahuru sendiri, sekitar 1816-1817 merupakan pusat perdagangan terbesar di Tanah Batak karena terdapat sebuah “hariara” (pohon beringin) di sana. Menurut penuturan warga setempat, di pohon inilah Nommensen pernah akan dipersembahkan kepada Dewa Siatas Barita, tapi ia berhasil diselamatkan pembantunya. Pohon berusia 190 tahun itu kini masih dapat ditemui di sana.

Tercatat pula bahwa sejak tahun 1861 telah berdiri gereja-gereja kecil (resort) di Sipirok dan Bunga Bondar atas misi zending sebelumnya. Kemudian atas Nommensen pada 1862 di Parau Sorat, Pangaloan, Sigompulon; 1864 di Pearaja; 1867 di Pansur Napitu; 1870 di Sipoholon, Sibolga, Aek Pasir; 1875 di Simorangkir; 1876 di Bahal Batu; 1881 di Balige; 1882 di Sipahutar, Lintong ni Huta; 1883 di Muara; 1884 di Laguboti, 1888 di Hutabarat, Sipiongot; 1890 di Sigumpar, Narumonda, Parsambilan, Parparean; 1893 di Nainggolan; 1894 di Silaitlait; 1897 di Simanosor Batangtoru; 1898 di Palipi; 1899 di Lumban na Bolon, 1900 di Tampahan, Butar; 1901 di Sitorang; 1902 di Lumban Lobu, Silamosik, Nahornop; 1903 di Paranginan, Pematang Raya; 1904 di Dolok Sanggul; 1905 di Parmonangan, Sipiak; 1906 di Parsoburan; 1907 di Pematang Siantar; 1908 di Sidikalang; 1909 di Bonan Dolok, Tukka; 1910 di Purbasaribu; 1911 di Barus; 1912 di Medan; 1914 di Ambarita dan 1922 di Jakarta.

Sekarang, benih-benih itu telah berbuah dengan lahirnya gereja-gereja HKBP, GKPI, HKI, GKPS, GBKP dan GKPA, sebagai buah misi zending inkulturatif, yang tidak melupakan keaslian budaya setempat dalam pelaksanaan rutinitas ibadah. Atas jasanya itu, RMG kemudian mengangkat Nommensen menjadai ephorus pada 1881 hingga akhir hayatnya dan digantikan oleh Pendeta Valentine Kessel (1918-1920). Pada 6 Februari 1904, ketika genap berusia 70, Universitas Bonn menganugerahinya gelar Doktor Honoris Causa. Namanya lalu ditabalkan untuk dua universitas HKBP yang ada di Medan dan Pematangsiantar yang hingga saat ini masih berdiri.

Kemudian, pada Oktober 1993 dibangun pula Kawasan Wisata Rohani Salib Kasih (KWRSK) di puncak Siatas Barita, di mana ia pertama kali menginjakkan kakinya di Silindung. Salib sepanjang 31 meter terpancang di sana, seakan-akan melukiskan kisah karyanya yang agung.

Nommensen wafat pada 23 Mei 1918 dan dimakamkan di sisi makam istrinya yang kedua Christine Hander dan putrinya serta missionaris lainnya di Desa Sigumpar, Kecamatan Silaen Kabupaten Toba Samosir. Sejak 1891 ia telah tinggal di sana hingga akhir hidupnya. Kemudian pada 29 Juni 1996 Yayasan Pasopar, lembaga yang peduli dengan kelestarian sejarah kekristenan di Tanah Batak, memugar makamnya dan mengabadikannya menjadi “Nommensen Memorial”.

Once upon time…King Crimson TIME

Saturday, June 30, 2007

King Crimson – 1974 – Live In Mainz ( March 30 )

01. Improv ( The Savage ) 2:12
02. Dr. Diamond 5:48
03. Improv ( Arabica ) 2:28
04. Exiles 7:01
05. Improv ( Atria ) 6:14
06. The Night Watch 5:07
07. Starless 12:27
08. Lament 4:20
09. Improv ( Trio ) 4:35
10. Easy Money 7:51

http://rapidshare.com/files/40093805/King_Crimson_-_1974_-_Live_in_Mainz.rar

Posted by kerk at 1:55 PM 0 comments

King Crimson – The Night Watch ( Live In Amsterdam – November 23 )

Disc I

01. Easy Money 6:14
02. Lament 4:14
03. Book Of Saturday 4:07
04. Fracture 11:28
05. The Night Watch 5:28
06. Improv ( Starless And Bible Black ) 9:11

Disc II

01. Exiles 6:37
02. Improv ( The Fright Watch ) 6:03
03. The Talking Drum 6:34
04. Lark’s Torgues In Aspic ( Part II ) 7:51
05. 21st. Century Schizoid Man 10:40

http://rapidshare.com/files/40080147/King_Crimson_-_1973_-_The_Night_Watch___Live__.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/40086094/King_Crimson_-_1973_-_The_Night_Watch___Live__.part2.rar

Posted by kerk at 1:24 PM 0 comments

King Crimson – 1973 – Lark’s Tongues In Aspic

01. Lark’s Tongues In Aspic ( Part I ) 13:36
02. Book Of Saturday 2:56
03. Exiles 7:42
04. Easy Money 7:53
05. The Talking Drum 7:26
06. Lark’s Tongues In Aspic ( Part II ) 7:09

http://rapidshare.com/files/40068490/King_Crimson_-_1973_-_Larks__Tongues_in_Aspic.rar

Posted by kerk at 1:10 PM 0 comments

Friday, June 29, 2007

King Crimson – 1972 – Earthbound

01. 21st. Century Schozoid Man 11:31
02. Peoria 7:22
03. The Sailor’s Tale 4:45
04. Earthbound 6:13
05. Groon 15:26

http://rapidshare.com/files/40013443/King_Crimson_-_1972_-_Earthbound.rar

Posted by kerk at 2:36 PM 1 comments

King Crimson – 1971 – Islands

01. Formentera Lady 5:20
02. Sailor’s Tale 12:29
03. The Letters 4:32
04. Ladies Of The Road 5:34
05. Prelude ( Song Of The Gulls ) 4:15
06. Islands 9:15

http://rapidshare.com/files/40007380/King_Crimson_-_1971_-_Islands.rar

Posted by kerk at 2:32 PM 0 comments

King Crimson – 1970 – Lizard

01. Cirkus ( Including Entry Of The Chameleons ) 6:28
02. Indoor Games 5:39
03. Happy Family 4:24
04. Lady Of The Dancing Water 2:45
05. Lizard 23:22

http://rapidshare.com/files/39998337/King_Crimson_-_1970_-_Lizard.rar

Posted by kerk at 2:23 PM 0 comments

King Crimson – 1970 In The Wake Of Poseidon

01. Peace – A Beginning 0:50
02. Pictures of a City ( Including 42nd At Treadmill ) 8:01
03. Cadence and Cascade 4:37
04. In the Wake of Poseidon ( Including Libra’s Theme ) 7:56
05. Peace – A Theme 1:15
06. Cat Food 4:55
07. The Devil’s Triangle 11:34
08. Peace – An End 1:52

http://rapidshare.com/files/39989937/King_Crimson_-_1970_-_In_The_Wake_Of_Poseidon__Japan_HDCD_Remaster_.rar

Posted by kerk at 2:12 PM 0 comments

King Crimson – 1970 – Flame By Flame

01. Get Thy Bearings 9:33
02. Travel Weary Capricorn 4:30
03. Mars 8:42
04. The Talking Drum 8:29
05. 21st. Century Szhizoid Man 9:20
06. Asbury Park 6:50
07. Lark’s Tongues In Aspic ( Part III ) 2:42
08. Satori In Tangiers 4:13
09. Indiscipline 7:02

http://rapidshare.com/files/39932683/King_Crimson_-_1970_-_frame_by_frame.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/39934583/King_Crimson_-_1970_-_frame_by_frame.part2.rar

Posted by kerk at 1:39 PM 2 comments

King Crimson – 1969 – In The Court Of The Crimson King

01. 21st. Century Schizoid Man ( Including Mirrors ) 7:20
02. I Talk To The Wind 6:05
03. Epitaph ( Including March For No Reason & Tomorrow And Tomorrow ) 8:47
04. Moonchild ( Including The Dream & The Illusion ) 12:13
05. The Court Of The Crimson King ( Including The Return Of The Fire Witch & The Dance Of The Puppets ) 9:25

http://rapidshare.com/files/39919792/King_Crimson_-_1969_-_In_The_Court_Of_The_Crimson_King.rar

Posted by kerk at 1:27 PM 0 comments

Thursday, June 28, 2007

Next Discography – King Crimson

Biography

If there is one group that embodies both the best and the worst aspects of progressive rock (from the standpoints of both its supporters and its detractors), it is King Crimson. During its first five years of existence, from 1969 through 1974, in a variety of different lineups, this band led by guitar/Mellotron virtuoso Robert Fripp broke lots of new ground in progressive rock, stretching both the language and structure of the music into realms of jazz and classical, all the while avoiding any of the pop or psychedelic sensibilities of the Moody Blues. The absence of those pop compromises, and the lack of an overt sense of humor, ultimately doomed King Crimson to nothing more than a large cult following, but made their albums among the most enduring and respectable of progressive rock relics. King Crimson originally grew out of the remnants of an unsuccessful trio called Giles, Giles & Fripp. Michael Giles (drums, vocals), Peter Giles (bass, vocals), and Robert Fripp (guitar) had begun working together in late 1967, after playing in a variety of bands. Robert Fripp (born May 16, 1946, Dorset, England) had studied guitar in Bournemouth with a teacher named Don Strike, whose other students included a slightly younger Greg Lake. As a teenager, he’d played in a local band called the Ravens, whose lineup included vocalist Gordon Haskell, also a boyhood friend of Fripp‘s. From the spring of 1965 until the following spring, he and Haskell had been members of a group called the League of Gentlemen (the name taken from a very famous British crime-caper movie), and Fripp had also played guitar in the Majestic Dance Orchestra. Michael Giles (born 1942, Bournemouth, Dorset, England) and Peter Giles had played with bandleader/brothers Dave and Gordon Dowland in a group called the Dowland Brothers from 1962 until 1964. More recently, they’d been part of a Bournemouth group called Trendsetters, Ltd., but had left that group in the summer of 1967 and were looking to put together a band of their own. They hooked up with Fripp in August of 1967, and by September the trio had journeyed to London in search of fame and fortune. Instead, they found an Italian singer for whom they played backup for a week before parting company. At the time, British rock, and especially the London music scene, was in the process of evolving by leaps and bounds. The release of the Sgt. Pepper album in the summer of 1967, coupled with the ever druggier ambience both in everybody’s songwriting and at the city’s clubs, was causing a revolution in the sound of rock music. The totally unexpected success of what had been intended as a “stereo demonstration” record by the Moody Blues and the London Festival Orchestra, released by Decca Records’ Deram imprint later that year, seemed to confirm that bands other than the Beatles could sell records of that type. Deram Records, thanks to the Moody Blues, was suddenly a locus for this new sound, and the label was scrambling around for anything vaguely psychedelic and pretentious. One of their signings was Giles, Giles & Fripp, who began cutting their single “One in a Million” and a follow-up album, The Cheerful Insanity of Giles, Giles & Fripp, during the summer of 1968. Neither sold in any quantities, however, and Keith Moon of the Who, reviewing the record in Melody Maker, even trashed the single and its production. In retrospect, Giles, Giles & Fripp‘s sound was too precious for words, with pop choruses (with a strange “French” feeling to the arrangements, in some people’s ears) and jazzy guitar juxtaposed alongside odds songs and narrative tales. Even as the album was in the works, however, the group’s lineup was changing. London-born Ian McDonald (born June 24, 1946) and Peter Sinfield, working in a band called Infinity as singer/guitarists, joined up with the trio late in 1968. McDonald‘s enthusiasm for music dated back to age seven, when he was listening to the music of Louis Belson, Les Paul, and Earl Bostic. By 11 he was playing guitar and had joined his first band at 13. He was an unexceptional student, however, and after leaving school at 16, he made what seemed to be the mistake of his life by joining the army as a bandsman. He was in for five years, in the course of which he learned the clarinet, the saxophone, and the flute, as well as studying harmony and orchestration. He emerged a multi-instrumentalist and made his living playing in various orchestras and dance bands before hooking up with Sinfield, a poet, computer operator, and would-be guitarist and singer, in Infinity. McDonald switched to saxes and keyboards while Sinfield provided the words to a couple of songs, “I Talk to the Wind” and “Under the Sky,” written with McDonald. And then Judy Dyble, who had passed through the first Fairport Convention lineup, joined briefly as a singer. This lineup recorded demos of “I Talk to the Wind” and “Under the Sky,” but Dyble exited quickly. The band that shook out of this lineup, Giles, Giles & Fripp (Mark III), consisted of Fripp, McDonald, Giles, and Giles, and existed for about four months. Bassist Peter Giles, however, wasn’t happy with the direction in which the new group was moving — Fripp left open the possibility that either he or Peter Giles could be replaced by Fripp‘s boyhood friend Greg Lake, who was proficient on both bass and guitar, at the decision of Michael Giles and Ian McDonald. At around this time of decision, Giles, Giles & Fripp ceased to exist, after having sold a total of 600 copies of their album. Peter Giles exited the scene on November 30, 1968, and Greg Lake joined two days later. This lineup, Fripp, Lake, McDonald, and Michael Giles, with fifth member Peter Sinfield writing their lyrics and later running their light show, among other functions, officially became King Crimson on January 13, 1969. The name derived from Sinfield‘s lyrics for “The Court of the Crimson King,” which also provided the title of their debut album. Ten days later the group was signed to the management company E.G., founded by David Enthoven and John Gaydon in early 1969. During February and March, the quartet (or quintet, counting Sinfield) was still known as Giles, Giles & Fripp. The group had already come to the attention of Moody Blues producer Tony Clarke, who wanted to get them signed to the band’s Threshold label. Unfortunately, the Moody Blues were too impressed with the new band — despite a few technical problems at their shows, the band was so much stronger than the Moodies as musicians, there was no chance of them being signed to Threshold. In July of 1969, the group played to 650,000 people at a free concert in London’s Hyde Park, on a bill with the Rolling Stones, who were introducing their new lineup with Mick Taylor on guitar, and eulogizing a two-days-dead Brian Jones. Later that month, after an abortive start with Tony Clarke, King Crimson ultimately recorded and produced their first album themselves, under a distribution contract negotiated by E.G. with Island Records in England and Atlantic in America. In the Court of the Crimson King was one of the most challenging albums of the entire fledgling progressive rock movement, but somehow it caught the public’s collective ear at the right moment and hit number five in England in November of 1969 — four months later, the album climbed to number 28 on the American charts. Ironically, by that time, the original band had broken up. Crimson had toured America from October through December 1969, astounding audiences and critics with their sound. They played about as loud as anybody, but the sounds that they played were like nothing that had been heard on the concert stage — Fripp‘s guitar work recalled Jimi Hendrix as much as anyone else, and McDonald‘s Mellotron presented this instrument in a guise unique in music, generating huge blasts of sound, while Michael Giles revealed himself as maybe the most inventive drummer in rock at that time. Even as that tour was progressing, however, McDonald and Giles were becoming increasingly unhappy with the group and its direction, as well as the strain of three months’ touring of the United States. By November they’d decided to leave — Fripp was so shaken that he even offered to leave if they would stay. The original group played its last show on December 16, 1969, before returning to England. Greg Lake, having joined the group last, was uncomfortable with the idea of staying on with two replacement members. He had also been approached by Keith Emerson of the Nice while both groups were booked on the same bill, about the possibility of forming a group with him. Lake decided to leave Crimson as well, but agreed to stay long enough to record vocals for the next album. Whether there would be a next album was debatable for a time — Fripp was even offered the chance to replace Peter Banks in Yes early in 1970. A new single (“Catfood”) and album (In the Wake of Poseidon) were recorded early in 1970 and released in May of that year. Essentially, In the Wake of Poseidon was a Fripp-dominated retake of In the Court of the Crimson King. Lake sang on all but one of the songs, Fripp played the Mellotron as well as all of the guitars, and there was Mellotron everywhere on the record, and a new singer, Fripp‘s boyhood friend Gordon Haskell, debuted on one song, “Cadence and Cascade.” The album got to number four in England and number 31 in America, both of which were excellent performances considering that there was no “band” at the time to tour and promote the record. Fripp spent the month of August rehearsing a new King Crimson lineup, consisting of himself, Haskell (bass, vocals), saxman/flutist Mel Collins (who had played on Poseidon), and Andy McCullough (drums). This group, augmented by pianist Keith Tippett, guest vocalist Jon Anderson of Yes, and oboist/English horn virtuoso Marc Charig, recorded the next Crimson album, Lizard, in September and October of 1970, but Haskell and McCullough both walked out on the band soon after it was finished. With Fripp busy putting a new band together, Peter Sinfield took over a lot of the final production chores as well as many of the design decisions on Lizard, resulting in the most ornate, mystical-looking album in Crimson’s output. In December of 1970, Ian Wallace joined on drums, and after auditioning several aspiring singers including Bryan Ferry, Fripp chose Boz Burrell (born August 1, 1946) as the group’s new singer. Rick Kemp, later of Steeleye Span, was supposed to play bass in this lineup, but he quit after a pair of rehearsals in January of 1971 and Burrell, after a series of lessons from Fripp, took over on bass. By this time, the lineup changes, and the fact that Crimson hadn’t toured since December of 1969, began to affect the group’s record sales. Lizard only reached number 30 in England and peaked at a disappointing number 113 in America. Another complication for the group was the growing competition in the whole field of progressive rock — while Crimson’s membership had been splintering over the previous 15 months, both Yes and Emerson, Lake & Palmer had been taking the charts and the airwaves by storm with a brand of prog rock that was not only more animated than Crimson’s recent work but also more accessible. Indeed, Lake‘s presence on the first two albums had undoubtedly helped sustain some interest in those records. Even the presence of Yes‘ Jon Anderson as guest vocalist on one long track from Lizard didn’t help that record’s sales, since one had to open the gatefold jacket to realize that Anderson was there. The album itself was probably the group’s most self-consciously beautiful, and its most calculatedly jazz-oriented. The influence of Miles Davis‘ Sketches of Spain could be heard, surrounded by immense masses of Mellotron-generated sound, Keith Tippett‘s rippling piano embellishment, Marc Charig‘s prominent English horn, and Collins‘ soaring saxes and flutes. Ironically, the departed Gordon Haskell released a solo album a year or two later entitled It Is and It Isn’t, which contained one song with a dig at the Lizard album, and one of the players on that solo album was his eventual successor in King Crimson, John Wetton. The Crimson lineup of Fripp, Burrell, Collins, and Wallace emerged on-stage in April of 1971, and for the next 11 months, King Crimson was a going concern, playing gigs in England, continental Europe, and the United States and Canada. The only casualty during the remainder of the year was Peter Sinfield, who split with Fripp in December after the latter asked him to leave. The group’s new album, Islands, got to number 30 in England, and number 76 in America, helped by the fact that the group toured behind its release. Their audiences were smaller, and the presence of more conventional progressive bands like ELP and the Moody Blues made Crimson seem more outré than ever, but very much on the cutting edge. Where the Moody Blues used the Mellotron as an orchestra, and Genesis used it as a choir, King Crimson used the Mellotron almost like a weapon; huge bursts of sound, like tonal howitzer blasts, emanated from their stage performances, punctuated by Fripp‘s ferocious guitar and accompanied by Collins‘ virtuoso sax work. Actually, what Crimson did with the Mellotron was similar to what Brian Eno was doing with the synthesizer, in contrast to groups like Emerson, Lake & Palmer. Rather than making the instrument mimic other instruments, in the manner of the Moody Blues, King Crimson generally let the Mellotron sound like itself, with its own distinct timbre and tone. Mixed with Fripp‘s unique guitar sound, this yielded a group sound that was instantly identifiable (and just as instantly off-putting to many people — friends of this writer who soaked up every note that Yes or ELP ever recorded used to called King Crimson “a bunch of noise”). The band might’ve succeeded had it lasted for another album to make its case. As it was, there were parts of Islands that had their roots all the way back with Giles, Giles & Fripp. Other elements of Islands were very surprising. “A Sailor’s Tale” was a dazzling instrumental, progressive rock yet built on surprisingly lean instrumentation; at times, the group’s sound was also relatively light and muscular — “Ladies of the Road” could almost have passed for an Abbey Road-period Beatles song, albeit a throwaway. In April of 1972, however, this latest King Crimson lineup broke up — Wallace, Collins, and Burrell moved as a trio to join Alexis Korner in a band called Snape. Burrell later became the bassist with Bad Company. Meanwhile, Island Records released a live album recorded along the band’s final U.S. tour — Earthbound, recorded on a portable cassette unit, may have been the worst-sounding legitimate live album to come out of the entire progressive rock scene, so poor that Atlantic Records rejected it for release. The album later became a choice import, much sought after by hapless fans who were inevitably disappointed by its poor audio quality. It seemed as though King Crimson had finally come to an end. Then, in July of 1972, Fripp put together a new band consisting of ex-Yes drummer Bill Bruford (born May 17, 1948), ex-Family member John Wetton (born July 12, 1949) on bass and vocals, David Cross on violin and Mellotron, and Jamie Muir on percussion. Peter Sinfield‘s successor as lyricist was Richard Palmer-James, who was otherwise invisible in the lineup. This group recorded their debut album, Larks’ Tongues in Aspic, and made its debut in Frankfurt in October of 1972, and later toured England. This album revealed the new lineup as the most radical reconsideration of King Crimson’s sound since their 1969 debut. Fripp‘s guitar was now even more prominent, and coupled with Cross‘ amplified violin and the Mellotrons played by them both as well as Wetton‘s thundering bass and Bruford‘s near-melodic drumming, the band’s music now sounded not so much majestic as otherworldly. If the original Crimson played music suited to the collision of planets, this new band sounded like their music should accompany atoms splitting and the accompanying vibrations. Jamie Muir was out of the lineup by February of 1973, but this version of Crimson, as a quartet, toured England, Europe, and America. Larks’ Tongues made it to number 61 in America, the group’s best chart performance since Poseidon, and all the way to number 20 in England. In January of 1974, King Crimson cut a new album, released early that spring as Starless and Bible Black, thus becoming the first King Crimson band to remain intact for more than one American tour and more than one album (discounting the departed Muir). Starless didn’t do as well as Larks’ Tongues, only reaching number 28 in England. By this time, the current group had established a credibility that ended any comparisons with the original group (a problem that had bedeviled all of the post-Lake/McDonald/Giles lineups), and their shows and records were getting very positive reviews, even from critics who weren’t comfortable with the music. Fripp and company even found themselves treated less as progressive rock musicians, and more like contemporary serious composers, in the manner of Stockhausen. Amid all of this activity, Fripp began to emerge as an artist separate from King Crimson. He had always produced or played on some other artists’ albums, including Soft Machine offshoot Matching Mole, British prog rock outfit Van Der Graaf Generator, and the large-scale jazz orchestra Centipede. In 1973, however, Island Records released No Pussyfootin’, a collaboration between Fripp and ex-Roxy Music keyboard player Brian Eno. A follow-up Fripp and Eno album, Evening Star, was released two years later. Alas, by July of 1974 the most long-lasting King Crimson lineup in the whole history of the band had begun to splinter. This time David Cross was the one to exit, following a performance in New York’s Central Park. With King Crimson reduced to a trio of Fripp, Wetton, and Bruford, one more album, Red, was completed that summer with help from Cross and former members Mel Collins and Ian McDonald (who had gone on to fame and fortune as the co-founder of the arena band Foreigner), and it was released in the fall. Fripp disbanded the group on September 25, 1974, seemingly for the last time. Wetton later passed through the lineup of Uriah Heep — curiously, a band spun out of the Gods, the same group that Greg Lake had come from before joining Fripp and company — before going onto international success as the lead singer of Asia (and when he left Asia, his temporary replacement was Greg Lake). David Cross later turned up on the Mellotron multi-artist showcase album The Rime of the Ancient Sampler, which also featured contributions by the Moody Blues‘ Michael Pinder and the Strawbs‘ Blue Weaver. With no band to support Red, it barely scraped the British charts. By this time, however, King Crimson had taken on a life of its own, especially in America, where the group’s audience, though not huge, was notably fanatical. There was a growing trade in live tapes going back to the Boz Burrell lineup, and fanatical interest in the original band — tapes of the first lineup’s 1969 Fillmore shows were considered the Holy Grail of progressive rock, but were not to be found easily or traded at all. And at least two bootleg albums of live radio broadcasts by the Larks’ Tongues/Starless lineup were pressed and distributed widely among collectors. The band had the last word, however. In June of 1975, 11 months after their last public concert, a live album called USA was issued by Island and Atlantic and got to number 125 in America. In early 1976, Island Records released the first King Crimson retrospective, a double LP called The Young Person’s Guide to King Crimson, made up of the best and rarest tracks by the various lineups (including demos by Giles, Giles & Fripp) and highlighted by a huge and incredibly detailed booklet. Four months later, Fripp‘s first solo album, Exposure, was released. For the next four years, Fripp remained a highly respected cult figure in music, and King Crimson remained a fond memory. Music changed, and most of the progressive rock bands that were still working either changed their sound radically (Genesis) or fell out of favor and collapsed (ELP). In May of 1980, Fripp‘s God Save the Queen/Heavy Manners album reached number 110 on the U.S. charts. That same year, he formed a one-shot group called the League of Gentlemen, taking its name from his long-ago band with Gordon Haskell. Their resulting album reached number 90 on the U.S. charts. Finally, in April of 1981, Fripp formed a new group called Discipline with Bruford, bassist Tony Levin, and guitarist/singer Adrian Belew. By the time their album was released in October of that year, the group’s name had been changed to King Crimson. This band, with a sound completely different from any of the other lineups to use that name, has ended up both enduring and successful. There have been lapses, interruptions, and a few lineup changes, but they have toured and recorded regularly over the years, including full-length video productions. Most fans of the original King Crimson or its 1972-1974 variant, however, don’t regard this band as the real King Crimson. Fripp himself sometimes came to lose patience with longtime fans — at a concert during the early ’80s, he was heard to tell an audience member shouting out for “The Court of the Crimson King” to go across town to where Greg Lake (in his own post-ELP career) was playing those songs. The CD boom of the late ’80s was frustrating for longtime Crimson fans. The current band of that name had perfectly good-sounding (but, to longtime fans, totally irrelevant) compact discs of their 1980s music. The original group and its offshoots, however, were badly represented. The original CD releases of their albums — especially In the Court of the Crimson King — on the E.G./JEM imprint in the United States and on Polydor in Europe sounded poor, with very compressed sound and lots of noise. In 1990, however, the rights to the King Crimson back catalog moved to Caroline Records in New York, and with some effort, they and E.G. tracked down the best source tapes on all of the early albums. The reissues, which designated Caroline Records as the distributor, have considerably better sound, although there remains a small flaw on Islands that is more annoying than a real problem. Then, in 1991, Fripp severed his relationship with E.G., preferring to make new business arrangements for the current group and any unreleased vintage tapes. E.G. did release two boxed sets, Frame by Frame: The Essential King Crimson and The Great Deceiver, a collection of live recordings by the Fripp/Bruford/Wetton/Cross band. This was originally to have been one of three sets, with live work by each the three early Crimson lineups, but the relationship between E.G. and Caroline ended, and Fripp‘s severing of ties with E.G. ended any chance of a collection of early live material coming out in connection with The Great Deceiver. The long-awaited live 1969 recordings by the Fripp-McDonald-Lake-Giles-Sinfield band finally turned up as a boxed double-CD set entitled Epitaph in April of 1997, released by Fripp in conjunction with the other four original members of the band on the Discipline Global Mobile label. On April 26, 1997, Fripp, Lake, Giles, and McDonald made their first public appearance together since December of 1969, at HMV Records on 86th Street in New York, in a listening party and autograph signing in connection with Epitaph.

Posted by kerk at 10:10 PM 0 comments

Supertramp – 2005 – Retrospectacle

01. Surely ( Edit ) 1:02
02. Land Ho 3:52
03. School 5:34
04. Bloody Well Right 4:32
05. Dreamer 3:31
06. Crime Of The Century 5:33
07. Ain’t Nobody But Me 5:11
08. Give A Little Bit 4:08
09. From Now On 6:18
10. The Logical Song 4:08
11. Goodbye Stranger 5:47
12. Breakfast In America 2:37
13. Take The Long Way Home 5:00
14. It’s Raining Again 4:24
15. Cannonball 7:39
16. Free As A Bird 4:21
17. You Win , I Lose 4:35

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Posted by kerk at 2:09 PM 1 comments

Supertramp – 2002 – Slow Motion

01. Slow Motion 3:49
02. Little By Little 4:30
03. Broken Hearted 4:28
04. Over You 5:06
05. Tenth Avenue Breakdown 8:55
06. A Sting In The Tail 5:17
07. Bee In Your Bonnet 6:26
08. Goldrush 3:07
09. Dead’s Man Blues 8:20

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Wednesday, June 27, 2007

Supertramp – 2002 – One More For The Road ( Mannheim Germany June 7 )

Disc I

01. Intro 2:00
02. School 6:13
03. Slow Motion 5:11
04. Over You 5:08
05. Bloody Well Right 5:57
06. Tenth Avenue Breakdown 8:32
07. Cannonball 9:40
08. Sooner Or Later 8:35
09. Free As A Bird 4:33
10. Downstream 3:35
11. Asylum 8:02
12. Give A Little Bit 3:56

Disc II

01. From Now On 8:55
02. Take The Long Way Home 5:18
03. Another Man’s Woman 11:16
04. The Logical Song 4:07
05. Goodbye Stranger 10:48
06. Broken Hearted 4:36
07. Rudy 7:45
08. Crime Of The Century 9:15